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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

34.5K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
34.5K
Entropy01:18

Entropy

3.3K
The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
3.3K
Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

Third Law of Thermodynamics

21.3K
A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
21.3K
Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

8.0K
The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
8.0K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

14.3K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
14.3K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

2.2K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
2.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Excess-entropy scaling in supercooled binary mixtures.

Ian H Bell1, Jeppe C Dyre2, Trond S Ingebrigtsen3

  • 1Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.

Nature Communications
|August 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a universal relationship linking viscosity and diffusion coefficients in various materials near their glass transition. This excess-entropy scaling explains dynamical slowdown and predicts a breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein relation in supercooled liquids.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Transport coefficients like viscosity and diffusion are highly sensitive to temperature and density near the glass transition.
  • The fundamental origins of this dynamical slowdown in materials remain poorly understood, despite various theoretical proposals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between transport coefficients and excess entropy using computational simulations.
  • To establish a quasiuniversal scaling law for viscosity and diffusion coefficients across different material compositions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized molecular dynamics computer simulations to model material behavior.
  • Applied an excess-entropy scaling strategy to analyze transport properties.
  • Examined binary mixtures and metallic alloys.

Main Results:

  • A quasiuniversal, composition-independent scaling relation was found for viscosity and diffusion coefficients, spanning eight orders of magnitude.
  • This relation accurately describes both binary mixtures and metallic alloys.
  • The excess-entropy scaling predicts a universal breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein relation in the supercooled regime.

Conclusions:

  • Excess-entropy scaling provides a powerful framework for understanding dynamical slowdown in diverse materials.
  • The observed quasiuniversality extends beyond simple binary mixtures, challenging existing theoretical explanations.
  • The findings suggest a deeper, underlying principle governing transport properties in supercooled states.