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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

22.1K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
22.1K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

14.3K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
14.3K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

19.3K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
19.3K
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.8K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
6.8K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

47.6K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
47.6K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

20.2K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
20.2K

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Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

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Liquid-Liquid Phase Transitions in Silicon.

M W C Dharma-Wardana1, Dennis D Klug1, Richard C Remsing2

  • 1National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada.

Physical Review Letters
|August 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computational methods reveal four liquid-liquid phase transitions in silicon, including an ionization-driven one. These transitions are robust and explained by electron scattering at Fermi energy, complementing bonding theories.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Physics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase transitions (LPTs) are crucial phenomena in materials under extreme conditions.
  • Understanding LPTs in liquid silicon is key to its technological applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the LPTs in liquid silicon using advanced computational techniques.
  • To identify and characterize new LPTs and their underlying mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Employed computationally simple neutral pseudoatom (average atom) density functional theory (DFT).
  • Utilized standard DFT for robust analysis of liquid silicon properties.

Main Results:

  • Discovered an ionization-driven transition and three additional LPTs in liquid silicon.
  • Confirmed the robustness of these transitions up to 1 eV.
  • Characterized pair distribution functions, pair potentials, electrical conductivities, and compressibilities.

Conclusions:

  • The identified LPTs are explained by a Fermi liquid picture of electron scattering.
  • This electronic interpretation complements existing theories based on transient covalent bonding.