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Related Concept Videos

Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Facilitated Transport01:19

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
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Transfer factor.

C H Kirkpatrick1

  • 1Conrad D. Stephenson Laboratory, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|May 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transfer factor, derived from leukocytes, can transfer specific immune responses like delayed-type hypersensitivity between individuals. This immunotherapy is effective for certain infections and is not limited by genetic factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) transfer was first reported over 30 years ago using leukocyte lysates.
  • Recent research confirms the immunological specificity of this DTH transfer effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the nature of transfer factor and its role in immune response modulation.
  • To investigate the genetic regulation of transfer factor production and its non-restricted transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of leukocyte lysates for transfer factor activity.
  • Studies on genetically controlled immune responses in animal models.
  • Clinical evaluation of transfer factor for immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests transfer factor molecules are small polypeptides with antigen-specific interaction capabilities.
  • Transfer factor production is genetically regulated, but its transfer of DTH is not genetically restricted.
  • Low-responder mice receiving transfer factor from high responders exhibit comparable DTH responses.

Conclusions:

  • Transfer factor is a promising immunotherapeutic agent for specific viral and fungal infections.
  • The non-genetic restriction of transfer factor efficacy highlights its broad therapeutic potential.