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Exon Recombination

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...

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In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Published on: November 12, 2012

Study Essential Gene Functions by Plasmid Shuffling.

Li Fan^1,2, Wei Xiao^3,4

¹Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|September 5, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces plasmid shuffling, a novel method for yeast, to investigate essential gene functions. This technique allows researchers to study genes crucial for cell survival by creating conditional mutations.

Keywords:

5-FOA Essential gene Genetic modification Plasmid shuffling URA3

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Last Updated: Dec 9, 2025

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Yeast Genetics

Background:

Essential genes are critical for cell survival and cannot be deleted.
Studying essential gene function is challenging due to the inability to create deletion strains.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a novel protocol, plasmid shuffling, for studying essential gene functions in yeast.
To enable the investigation of essential genes that are otherwise difficult to analyze.

Main Methods:

Cloning essential genes into URA3-marked plasmids for yeast transformation.
Deleting chromosomal copies of essential genes and introducing mutated versions via a second plasmid.
Utilizing 5-FOA selection to isolate cells harboring only the mutated essential gene plasmid.

Main Results:

The plasmid shuffling protocol successfully allows for the study of essential genes.
Mutated essential genes on plasmids can be assessed for function in yeast.

Conclusions:

Plasmid shuffling is a convenient and effective method for studying essential gene functions in yeast.
This technique overcomes limitations associated with essential gene deletion strains, facilitating functional analysis.