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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
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Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
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Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
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Reason and Intuition01:37

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats
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Decision-making (in)flexibility in gambling disorder.

Ana Perandrés-Gómez1, Juan F Navas2, Tim van Timmeren3

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain and Research Center (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada, Spain.

Addictive Behaviors
|September 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with gambling disorder exhibit behavioral inflexibility, struggling to adapt to changing reward rules. This difficulty in probabilistic reversal learning may contribute to compulsive gambling behaviors.

Keywords:
CompulsivityDecision-making under ambiguityGambling disorderInstrumental learningReversal learningReward-based learning

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Behavioral flexibility, the capacity to adjust behavior following changes in reward contingencies, is crucial for adaptive functioning.
  • Poor performance on probabilistic reversal learning tasks (PRLT) is linked to compulsivity and perseverative gambling.
  • Previous studies on gambling disorder and PRLT have used varied metrics, potentially confounding inflexibility with general task performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate between acquisition learning and reacquisition learning in patients with gambling disorder using PRLT.
  • To investigate premature switching and sensitivity to negative feedback in gambling disorder patients during PRLT.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of trial-by-trial PRLT acquisition and reacquisition curves in 84 patients with gambling disorder and 64 controls.
  • Examination of stay/switch responses to identify premature switching and negative feedback sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Patients with gambling disorder demonstrated slower behavioral readjustment during reversed contingency phases, even after accounting for acquisition learning differences.
  • Gambling disorder patients showed a greater tendency to persist with choices despite accumulated negative feedback.

Conclusions:

  • Behavioral inflexibility is a robust characteristic of gambling disorder.
  • This inflexibility may precede the escalation of gambling or arise from extensive gambling exposure.