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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Light-triggered explosion of lipid vesicles.

Vinit Kumar Malik1, Sangwoo Shin2, Jie Feng1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. jiefeng@illinois.edu.

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Lipid vesicles can explode under rapid osmotic shock due to buckling instabilities. This new biophysical model explains vesicle explosion and offers insights for drug delivery systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Lipid vesicles are crucial for cell membrane models and drug delivery.
  • Their mechanical response in non-equilibrium conditions is key to their function.
  • Previously, vesicles were known to exhibit pulsatile behavior in hypotonic solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the unknown mechanism behind vesicle explosion under osmotic shock.
  • To develop a generalized biophysical model for vesicle dynamics under stress.
  • To explain both swell-burst-reseal cycling and exploding dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a generalized biophysical model.
  • Incorporation of a stochastic account of membrane rupture.
  • Comparison of model predictions with experimental observations.

Main Results:

  • The model successfully describes both pulsatile and exploding vesicle dynamics.
  • Sudden osmotic shock induces extreme strain rates, leading to buckling instabilities.
  • Buckling instabilities are identified as the cause of membrane fragmentation (explosion).

Conclusions:

  • The study advances the fundamental understanding of non-equilibrium vesicle dynamics.
  • The findings explain the mechanism of vesicle explosion under osmotic stress.
  • Provides design guidelines for controlled substance release from therapeutic carriers.