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Related Concept Videos

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

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In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage02:01

Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage

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Alkynes undergo oxidative cleavage in the presence of oxidizing reagents like potassium permanganate and ozone. The triple bond — one σ bond and two π bonds — is completely cleaved, and the alkyne is oxidized to carboxylic acids. When warm and basic aqueous potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent, alkynes are first converted to carboxylate salts via an unstable α-diketone intermediate. Further, a mild acid treatment protonates the carboxylate anions...
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Curvature-Assisted Vesicle Explosion Under Light-Induced Asymmetric Oxidation.

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Oxidized lipids in cell membranes can cause cell death. This study reveals how lipid oxidation leads to vesicle explosion by investigating spontaneous curvature and membrane dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidize membrane lipids, altering cell membrane integrity.
  • Oxidized lipids cause conformational changes, leading to cell death via various mechanical responses.
  • The precise mechanism of vesicle explosion due to lipid oxidation remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of spontaneous curvature in vesicle instability under oxidative stress.
  • To link lipid oxidation-induced conformational changes to vesicle mechanical failure.
  • To develop a predictive model for vesicle rupture dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Light-induced asymmetric oxidation experiments on giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs).
  • Development of a comprehensive membrane model incorporating spontaneous curvature and curling.
  • Characterization of lipid oxidation kinetics and spontaneous curvature generation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that spontaneous curvature significantly influences vesicle instability.
  • A proposed membrane model accurately captures experimental observations of pore formation and vesicle collapse.
  • Identified a non-monotonic temporal generation of spontaneous curvature during asymmetric oxidation.

Conclusions:

  • Provided a phase diagram with an analytical criterion to predict transient pore formation versus catastrophic vesicle collapse.
  • Elucidated the physical mechanism linking lipid oxidation to vesicle explosion.
  • Offers insights into biomembrane stability under oxidative stress and vesicle-based drug delivery systems.