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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
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Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...
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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Forming, Confining, and Observing Microtubule-Based Active Nematics
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Pattern Formation and Defect Ordering in Active Chiral Nematics.

Zhong-Yi Li1, De-Qing Zhang1, Shao-Zhen Lin1

  • 1Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Physical Review Letters
|September 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coordinated spin and motility in chiral rod-shaped aggregations create vortex patterns and ordered topological defects. This self-organization results in a global translation symmetry and local broken reflection symmetry, mimicking Voronoi tiling.

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Area of Science:

  • Active matter physics
  • Soft condensed matter
  • Theoretical biophysics

Background:

  • Biological systems exhibit complex chiral patterns and dynamics.
  • Understanding collective behavior in chiral active matter is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an active nematic theory for chiral rod-shaped aggregations.
  • To explore how individual spin influences collective handedness and defect ordering.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of an active nematic theory incorporating individual spin.
  • Analysis of defect dynamics and pattern formation in chiral systems.

Main Results:

  • Coordinated spin and motility generate chiral vortex arrays and ordered topological defects.
  • Defects self-organize into a hexagonal polygonal network, consistent with Voronoi tiling.
  • Emergence of global translation symmetry and local broken reflection symmetry observed.

Conclusions:

  • The theory explains chiral morphodynamics in biological systems.
  • Findings offer insights into self-organization mechanisms in active materials.
  • Potential for tuning self-organization in active matter systems.