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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

537
Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function
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Noninvasive Brain Stimulation & Space Exploration: Opportunities and Challenges.

S M Romanella1, G Sprugnoli2, G Ruffini3

  • 1Siena Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, Italy.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|September 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NiBS) offers potential to support astronaut health and performance during long space missions. These techniques may enhance cognitive function, aid training, and help manage brain changes caused by spaceflight.

Keywords:
Brain stimulationEEGTMScosmic radiationsspaceflighttDCS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Space Medicine
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Space exploration missions pose significant risks to astronaut health, including brain alterations due to radiation, altered gravity, and extreme environments.
  • Astronauts experience cognitive deficits, sleep disturbances, and psychological challenges during spaceflight.
  • Understanding and mitigating these brain changes is crucial for mission success and crew well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of noninvasive brain stimulation (NiBS) methods for supporting astronauts in space.
  • To review transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) for cognitive and motor enhancement.
  • To identify NiBS applications in astronaut training, in-flight performance, and post-flight rehabilitation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing noninvasive brain stimulation (NiBS) techniques, specifically TMS and tES.
  • Analysis of the effects of NiBS on brain physiology, psychology, and cognition.
  • Discussion of current and potential applications of NiBS in the context of space exploration.

Main Results:

  • NiBS techniques are safe, portable, and have demonstrated efficacy in cognitive and motor domains on Earth.
  • NiBS can potentially enhance astronaut performance during training and space missions.
  • NiBS may aid in identifying biomarkers for post-flight brain changes and optimizing recovery strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Noninvasive brain stimulation presents a promising avenue for mitigating the neurological challenges of long-duration space missions.
  • Further research and development are needed to optimize NiBS protocols for the unique demands of space exploration.
  • NiBS could play a vital role in ensuring astronaut health, performance, and successful mission outcomes.