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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
32.1K
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

2.1K
Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

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Somatic Reprograming by Nuclear Transfer.

Vincent Brochard1, Nathalie Beaujean2,3

  • 1Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, ENVA, BREED U1198, Jouy-en-Josas, France.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|September 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) offers a method to study cellular reprogramming. This protocol details mouse SCNT, enhancing efficiency through epigenetic modifications for totipotent reprogramming.

Keywords:
HDACiMouse embryoSCNTSomatic cell nuclear transfer

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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

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Area of Science:

  • Mammalian developmental biology
  • Cellular reprogramming research

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a key technique for studying cellular reprogramming into totipotency.
  • While challenging, SCNT has been applied across various species, including farm animals, rodents, and primates.
  • Nuclear transfer using embryonic stem cells is more efficient, but somatic cells are also successfully reprogramed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a detailed protocol for SCNT in mice.
  • To investigate methods for improving SCNT efficiency and understanding reprogramming processes.
  • To explore epigenetic modifications for enhancing chromatin remodeling and erasing donor cell memory.

Main Methods:

  • The protocol involves cell cycle synchronization of donor cells.
  • Enucleation of metaphase II oocytes and Piezo-driven injection of donor cell nuclei.
  • Activation of reconstructed embryos and nonsurgical transfer into pseudo-pregnant mice.

Main Results:

  • SCNT reprogramming is more effective per cell than induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC).
  • The described protocol facilitates the study of reprogramming mechanisms.
  • Facultative steps target epigenetic modifications to improve chromatin remodeling.

Conclusions:

  • The presented mouse SCNT protocol offers a robust method for studying cellular reprogramming.
  • Epigenetic modifications can enhance the efficiency of SCNT by improving chromatin remodeling.
  • This technique provides valuable insights into the processes underlying nuclear reprogramming.