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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes
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Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes

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From Hair to iPSCs-A Guide on How to Reprogram Keratinocytes and Why.

Stefanie Klingenstein1, Moritz Klingenstein1, Alexander Kleger2

  • 1Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

Current Protocols in Stem Cell Biology
|September 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Keratinocytes from hair roots are superior to fibroblasts for reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This guide details keratinocyte acquisition and culture for efficient iPSC generation.

Keywords:
hairinduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)keratinocytesouter root sheathreprogramming

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Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts
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Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method
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Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts
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Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Stem Cell Research
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Fibroblasts are commonly used for reprogramming, but keratinocytes offer advantages.
  • Keratinocytes can be easily harvested non-invasively from human hair roots.
  • Optimal methods for keratinocyte acquisition and culture for reprogramming are not widely established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide comprehensive knowledge on keratinocyte acquisition and maintenance for reprogramming.
  • To detail practical techniques for culturing keratinocytes from hair roots.
  • To offer an overview of viral and non-viral reprogramming methods applicable to keratinocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed protocols for harvesting hair roots.
  • Step-by-step guidance on culturing and maintaining keratinocytes.
  • Review and comparison of current reprogramming techniques.

Main Results:

  • Keratinocytes demonstrate superior reprogramming efficiency and speed compared to fibroblasts.
  • Established protocols for successful keratinocyte isolation and culture.
  • Demonstrated applicability of various reprogramming methods to keratinocytes.

Conclusions:

  • Keratinocytes are a highly advantageous cell source for generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • This article provides essential practical guidance for researchers utilizing keratinocytes in reprogramming.
  • Further insights into optimizing keratinocyte-based iPSC generation are presented.