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Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...

Precipitation of Ions

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

Predicting heterogeneous ice nucleation with a data-driven approach.

Martin Fitzner¹, Philipp Pedevilla¹, Angelos Michaelides^2,3

¹Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Nature Communications

|September 23, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists identified key factors for heterogeneous ice nucleation, moving beyond lattice matching. Machine learning analysis revealed local water ordering, density reduction, and surface energy corrugation predict ice formation, aiding material design.

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Last Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

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Published on: April 8, 2020

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

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Published on: August 18, 2022

Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity

Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity

Published on: January 15, 2014

Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Materials Science
Computational Chemistry

Background:

Heterogeneous ice nucleation, crucial for natural freezing, has been utilized in cloud seeding for decades.
The precise physical properties determining a material's ice-nucleating ability remain incompletely understood.
Existing models primarily focus on lattice matching, overlooking other microscopic interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify key physical descriptors governing heterogeneous ice nucleation.
To develop a predictive framework for ice formation on diverse substrates.
To advance the in silico design of novel ice-nucleating materials.

Main Methods:

Machine learning analysis of extensive nucleation simulations.
Utilized a diverse database of model substrates for simulation.
Identified and analyzed microscopic physical descriptors of water-surface interactions.

Main Results:

Identified three new microscopic factors beyond lattice match that predict ice nucleation ability.
These factors include induced local ordering in water, surface-induced water density reduction, and adsorption energy landscape corrugation.
Demonstrated a quantitative approach to understanding and predicting heterogeneous ice nucleation.

Conclusions:

A quantitative understanding of heterogeneous ice nucleation is achievable through computational analysis.
New microscopic descriptors provide a more comprehensive basis for predicting ice formation.
This work facilitates the rational design of materials for controlling ice formation.