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Heart applications of 4D flow.

Giuseppe Corrias1, Daniele Cocco2, Jasjit S Suri3,4

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Four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers advanced in vivo flow analysis with multiplanar capabilities. This innovative technique provides accurate measurements in challenging areas like the heart and brain, with reduced variability.

Keywords:
4D flowQuantitative MRIangio-MRIcardiac MRI

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Medical Physics
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI builds upon phase contrast (PC) principles, integrating 3D anatomic coverage and velocity encoding in all flow directions.
  • It offers multiplanar flow analysis post-processing, a unique capability among MRI sequences.
  • Existing methods like echo-color-doppler have limitations in certain anatomical regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental principles, advantages, and limitations of 4D flow MRI.
  • To highlight the technique's impact on non-invasive cardiovascular examinations, particularly cardiac and intracranial applications.
  • To discuss common pitfalls and artifacts associated with 4D flow MRI.

Main Methods:

  • Explanation of the basic principles of phase contrast image formation.
  • Description of the construction and application of 4D flow sequences.
  • Discussion of data acquisition and post-processing techniques for 4D flow MRI.

Main Results:

  • 4D flow MRI enables accurate in vivo flow measurements in previously difficult-to-access areas, including intracranial and cardiac regions.
  • The technique demonstrates reduced inter- and intra-observer variability compared to conventional methods.
  • Significant advancements in cardiovascular non-invasive examination are facilitated by 4D flow MRI.

Conclusions:

  • 4D flow MRI represents a significant advancement in cardiovascular imaging, offering comprehensive flow analysis.
  • Its ability to provide accurate, reproducible flow data in complex anatomies enhances diagnostic capabilities.
  • The technique is revolutionizing non-invasive cardiovascular assessment, especially for central heart and intracranial flow dynamics.