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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...

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Updated: Dec 7, 2025

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Published on: November 30, 2022

Borophene: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities.

Chuang Hou¹, Guoan Tai¹, Zenghui Wu¹

¹The State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China.

|September 29, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Two-dimensional borophene (2D boron sheets) exhibit unique properties, driving research into their synthesis and applications. Recent advancements focus on controlled synthesis of stable, semiconducting borophenes for electronic devices.

Keywords:

boron sheets borophene monolayers semiconductors two-dimensional materials

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Published on: November 22, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Borophenes, or 2D boron sheets, possess unique structural, optical, and electronic properties, attracting significant theoretical and experimental interest.
Early research was primarily theoretical, with experimental synthesis of borophene sheets on metal substrates only emerging in 2015.
Subsequent efforts have concentrated on controlled synthesis and understanding the novel physical properties of borophenes.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of theoretical and experimental progress in borophene research.
To summarize recent experimental synthesis techniques for borophene sheets.
To highlight ultrastable and semiconducting borophenes with potential applications in electronic devices.

Main Methods:

Review of theoretical studies on borophene structures and properties.
Summary of experimental synthesis methods, particularly those developed post-2015.
Analysis of characterization data for synthesized borophene materials.

Main Results:

Identification of distinct structural, optical, and electronic properties of borophenes.
Demonstration of successful experimental synthesis of borophene sheets on metal substrates.
Development of methods for controlled synthesis of crystalline and semiconducting borophenes.
Application of stable and semiconducting borophenes in electronic information devices.

Conclusions:

Borophene research has advanced significantly, moving from theoretical predictions to experimental realization.
Ultrastable and semiconducting borophenes show promise for practical applications in electronics.
Future research should address challenges in large-scale synthesis and device integration.