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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
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Motor Cortex Stimulation for Facial Pain.

Zoe E Teton1, Ahmed M Raslan2

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

Progress in Neurological Surgery
|September 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) offers a potential treatment for neuropathic facial pain, with some studies showing high efficacy. However, variable responses and diminishing relief over time necessitate further long-term investigation.

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Last Updated: Dec 7, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Pain Management
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) has been utilized for intractable neuropathic facial pain for approximately 30 years.
  • While some studies report high efficacy rates (up to 88%), significant variability in patient response persists.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and long-term outcomes of motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic facial pain.
  • To highlight the variability in treatment response and potential diminishing relief over time.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic facial pain.
  • Analysis of reported efficacy rates, long-term outcomes, and complications.

Main Results:

  • Efficacy rates vary considerably, with some studies reporting up to 88% effectiveness.
  • Diminishing relief over time is a noted concern, with limited long-term efficacy data available.
  • Complications are generally mild, including infection, hardware issues, seizures, and transient neurological deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Motor cortex stimulation remains a viable option for carefully selected patients with refractory neuropathic facial pain.
  • Further long-term studies are needed to fully understand efficacy trends and optimize patient selection.