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Related Concept Videos

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Harnessing Natural Killer Cell Function for Genitourinary Cancers.

Nina Bhardwaj1, Adam M Farkas2, Zeynep Gul3

  • 1Department of Hematology & Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Hess CSM Building 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.

The Urologic Clinics of North America
|October 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Natural killer (NK) cells fight tumors but are often dysfunctional in urologic cancers. Interfering with inhibitory signals shows promise for restoring NK cell anti-tumor activity.

Keywords:
Bladder cancerGenitourinary cancerImmunotherapyNK cellsNatural killer cellsRCCRenal cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial innate immune cells for identifying and destroying cancerous and virally infected cells.
  • While T-cell immunotherapies have advanced, NK-cell roles in solid tumors, particularly their infiltration and modulation, require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of NK-cell infiltration in urologic tumors.
  • To explore the functional status of these NK cells.
  • To discuss strategies for overcoming NK-cell dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on NK cells and urologic malignancies.
  • Analysis of studies investigating NK-cell infiltration and function within tumors.
  • Examination of immunomodulatory strategies targeting NK-cell inhibitory pathways.

Main Results:

  • Urologic tumors are frequently infiltrated by NK cells.
  • NK cells within these tumors often exhibit impaired cytotoxic activity and function.
  • Evidence suggests that blocking inhibitory NK-cell receptors can enhance their anti-tumor capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • NK cells are present in urologic tumors but are frequently suppressed.
  • Targeting inhibitory axes presents a viable therapeutic strategy to restore NK-cell function against cancer.