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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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A NiRhS fuel cell catalyst - lessons from hydrogenase.

Seiji Ogo1, Tatsuya Ando, Le Tu Thi Minh

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan. ogo.seiji.872@m.kyushu-u.ac.jp.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|October 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new rhodium, nickel, and sulfur catalyst for fuel cells. This NiRhS catalyst shows promising power densities, functioning as both anode and cathode.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Fuel cells are critical for clean energy conversion.
  • Developing efficient and cost-effective catalysts is essential for fuel cell technology.
  • Platinum-based catalysts dominate, but their cost and scarcity are limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel heterogeneous catalyst for fuel cells.
  • To explore the catalytic activity of a nickel, rhodium, and sulfur (NiRhS) complex.
  • To evaluate the potential of this new catalyst as both a cathode and anode.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a NiRhS heterogeneous catalyst.
  • Development of the catalyst based on a homogeneous model complex of [NiFe]hydrogenases (H2ases).
  • Testing the catalyst's performance in a fuel cell setup, evaluating its power densities.

Main Results:

  • The NiRhS heterogeneous catalyst demonstrated significant catalytic activity.
  • Power densities achieved were 5-28% of that of platinum.
  • The catalyst effectively functioned as both the cathode and anode in the fuel cell.

Conclusions:

  • The novel NiRhS catalyst presents a viable alternative to platinum-based catalysts.
  • This development offers a potential pathway to more economical and sustainable fuel cell technology.
  • Further research can optimize the NiRhS catalyst for enhanced performance and durability.