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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Inflammation01:38

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Inflammatory Response01:28

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
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Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Robust Ligature-Induced Model of Murine Periodontitis for the Evaluation of Oral Neutrophils
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Complement activation links inflammation to dental tissue regeneration.

Madison Bergmann1, Charlotte Jeanneau1, Thomas Giraud1,2

  • 1Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France.

Clinical Oral Investigations
|October 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The complement system, crucial for immune surveillance, plays a vital role in dental tissue regeneration. This review highlights its function in inflammation and healing, linking these processes in oral tissues.

Keywords:
ComplementDental tissue regenerationNerve sproutingPulp biologyPulp inflammationStem cell recruitment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Oral Biology

Background:

  • The complement system is a key component of innate immunity, involved in host defense and inflammation.
  • Complement receptors are expressed not only on immune cells but also on non-immune cells, suggesting roles beyond immunity.
  • Emerging evidence indicates complement's involvement in the regeneration of various tissues, including liver, skin, and bone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current literature on the role of the complement system in the initial stages of dental tissue regeneration.
  • To elucidate the specific functions of complement components and receptors in oral tissue repair and healing.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on studies investigating complement expression and function in oral tissues.
  • In vivo and in vitro studies examining complement's role in dental tissue regeneration were included.

Main Results:

  • Dental tissues express complement receptors and soluble complement proteins.
  • Pulp fibroblasts synthesize all complement components, with C3b and MAC controlling bacterial growth.
  • Complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are critical for pulp regeneration, driving stem cell proliferation, fibroblast recruitment, and odontoblastic differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Local complement synthesis in dental tissues is essential for both bacterial clearance and initiating dental tissue regeneration.
  • The complement system bridges the gap between inflammation and regeneration in dental tissues.
  • Understanding complement's role provides a biological rationale for the success of conservative treatments in teeth with pulp exposure.