Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 5, 2025
06:28
In Vitro Method to Study Sex-Based Differences in Conjunctival Goblet Cells
Published on: July 28, 2023
751
Sex judgment using color fundus parameters in elementary school students
Saki Noma1, Takehiro Yamashita2, Ryo Asaoka3,4,5,6
1Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
Summary
Sex can be determined from fundus photographs in elementary students, but with low accuracy. Ocular fundus sex differences may emerge after age 10, indicating early developmental changes.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Medical Imaging
- Artificial Intelligence
Background:
- Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown potential in determining sex from fundus photographs in adults.
- Previous research established sex differentiation using color fundus photography (CFP) in adult eyes.
- The onset of sex-related differences in fundus parameters remains unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate sex determination based on ocular fundus parameters in elementary school students.
- To identify specific fundus parameters that can differentiate sex in young children.
- To assess the feasibility of using AI and logistic regression for sex determination in this age group.
Main Methods:
- Prospective observational cross-sectional study of 119 elementary school students (8-9 years old).
- Calculation of tessellation fundus index, optic disc ovality ratio, papillomacular angle, retinal artery trajectory, and retinal vessel using CFP.
- Application of regularized binomial logistic regression and leave-one-out cross-validation for factor selection and performance evaluation.
Main Results:
- Ridge logistic regression identified smaller optic disc ovality ratio and higher nasal green and blue intensities in girls compared to boys.
- The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) for sex discrimination was 63.2%.
Conclusions:
- Sex determination using CFP is possible in elementary school students, but with limited accuracy.
- Subtle sex differences in ocular fundus parameters may begin to manifest after the age of 10 years.
Related Concept Videos
01:30Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles
1.4K
A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...
1.4K
01:03Fixation and Sectioning
7.1K
Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
The simplest type of preparation is the wet mount, in which the specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid specimen can be directly deposited on the slide using a dropper. Solid specimens, such as skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid to prepare the wet mount. Sometimes the liquid is simply water, but stains are often added...
The simplest type of preparation is the wet mount, in which the specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid specimen can be directly deposited on the slide using a dropper. Solid specimens, such as skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid to prepare the wet mount. Sometimes the liquid is simply water, but stains are often added...
7.1K
01:16Stratified Sampling Method
14.3K
Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a...
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a...
14.3K
01:24Color Vision
1.1K
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
1.1K
01:25Assessment of the Rectum and Anus
799
Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
799
01:14Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives
3.1K
The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
3.1K