Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

15.6K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
15.6K
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

3.3K
Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...
3.3K
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

5.3K
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
5.3K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

17.5K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
17.5K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

10.6K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
10.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A 3D-bioprinted hydrogel platform with tunable matrix stiffness reveals mechanical adaptation and doxorubicin resistance in triple-negative breast cancer.

Journal of materials chemistry. B·2026
Same author

Targeting lysosomal pH restores mitochondrial quality control in GBA1-mutant Parkinson's disease.

Translational neurodegeneration·2026
Same author

Pathogenic variants in the autophagy-tethering factor EPG5 drive neurodegeneration through mitochondrial dysfunction and innate immune activation.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

PCOS and breast cancer risk: hormonal modulation and epidemiological trends.

Reproductive health·2026
Same author

Impact of repeated ovulation induction and superovulation on ovarian reserve and early embryo development in obese and PCOS-like mouse models.

Reproduction, fertility, and development·2026
Same author

Next-generation immune models: bioinks, 3D bioprinting, and future directions.

Trends in biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Advancing microalgae biomass cultivation for an integrated sustainable wastewater treatment and resource recovery.

iScience·2026
Same journal

Corrigendum to "Human adipose ECM alleviates radiation-induced skin fibrosis via endothelial cell-mediated M2 macrophage polarization" [iScience, Volume 26, Issue 9 (2023) 107660].

iScience·2026
Same journal

High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation enhances exercise-induced hypoalgesia in patients with chronic low back pain.

iScience·2026
Same journal

From pre-tumor to tumor: Decoding the endoscopic-pathologic spectrum of neoplastic lesions in autoimmune gastritis.

iScience·2026
Same journal

Corrigendum to "A cobalt-aluminium layered double hydroxide with a nickel core-shell structure nanocomposite for supercapacitor applications" [iScience, 28 (2025) 111672].

iScience·2026
Same journal

Repurposing primaquine diphosphate for imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia via targeting BCR-ABL and Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

iScience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 5, 2025

Determination of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Reactive Oxygen Species in Live Rat Cortical Neurons
09:56

Determination of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Reactive Oxygen Species in Live Rat Cortical Neurons

Published on: May 23, 2011

66.0K

Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase Specifies Early Neural Commitment by Modulating Mitochondrial Dynamics.

Smitha Bhaskar1, Preethi Sheshadri1, Joel P Joseph1

  • 1Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Allalasandra, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560065 Karnataka, India.

Iscience
|October 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) is crucial for neural lineage specification in mouse embryonic stem cells. SOD2 enhances mitochondrial fusion, promoting neurogenesis independently of its antioxidant function.

Keywords:
Developmental GeneticsDevelopmental NeuroscienceMolecular Genetics

More Related Videos

Generation of Human Brain Organoids for Mitochondrial Disease Modeling
08:09

Generation of Human Brain Organoids for Mitochondrial Disease Modeling

Published on: June 21, 2021

6.6K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling Oxidative Phosphorylation System Dynamics and Mitochondrial Roles in Health and Disease
05:45

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Oxidative Phosphorylation System Dynamics and Mitochondrial Roles in Health and Disease

Published on: May 3, 2024

1.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 5, 2025

Determination of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Reactive Oxygen Species in Live Rat Cortical Neurons
09:56

Determination of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Reactive Oxygen Species in Live Rat Cortical Neurons

Published on: May 23, 2011

66.0K
Generation of Human Brain Organoids for Mitochondrial Disease Modeling
08:09

Generation of Human Brain Organoids for Mitochondrial Disease Modeling

Published on: June 21, 2021

6.6K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling Oxidative Phosphorylation System Dynamics and Mitochondrial Roles in Health and Disease
05:45

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Oxidative Phosphorylation System Dynamics and Mitochondrial Roles in Health and Disease

Published on: May 3, 2024

1.7K

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Neural specification studies often overlook non-nuclear factors.
  • Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) was previously found essential for mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) pluripotency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific role of SOD2 in neural lineage commitment.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which SOD2 influences neural development.

Main Methods:

  • Assessing SOD2's requirement in neural, mesodermal, and endodermal lineage specification.
  • Analyzing SOD2's impact on early neural gene expression and mitochondrial dynamics, specifically Mitofusin 2 (MFN2) levels.
  • Employing bio-complementation assays to confirm SOD2's function.
  • Transdifferentiating mouse fibroblasts using SOD2 and OCT4 co-expression.

Main Results:

  • SOD2 is specifically required for neural lineage specification, not mesoderm or endoderm.
  • SOD2 regulates early neural genes by enhancing mitochondrial fusion via MFN2.
  • SOD2's role in mitochondrial fusion is independent of its antioxidant activity.
  • Co-expression of SOD2 and OCT4 successfully transdifferentiated fibroblasts into neural progenitor-like colonies.

Conclusions:

  • SOD2 plays a novel and essential role in early neural lineage specification.
  • Modulation of mitochondrial dynamics by SOD2 is critical for neurogenesis.
  • SOD2 possesses intrinsic neurogenic potential, as demonstrated by fibroblast transdifferentiation.