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Related Concept Videos

Gibbs Free Energy02:39

Gibbs Free Energy

37.3K
One of the challenges of using the second law of thermodynamics to determine if a process is spontaneous is that it requires measurements of the entropy change for the system and the entropy change for the surroundings. An alternative approach involving a new thermodynamic property defined in terms of system properties only was introduced in the late nineteenth century by American mathematician Josiah Willard Gibbs. This new property is called the Gibbs free energy (G) (or simply the free...
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Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability02:23

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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...
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Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

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Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
1.3K
Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

7.1K
A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The...
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Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient01:24

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2.5K
Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of the species and its activity coefficient. The activity coefficient is a dimensionless quantity and depends on the total ionic strength of the solution.
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Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
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Gibbsian Surface Thermodynamics.

Janet A W Elliott1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|October 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study comprehensively details Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics, crucial for understanding complex systems with surface tension and interfaces. It provides new equations for phenomena like curvature-induced temperature changes, vital for nanoscience and materials science.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics governs equilibrium in complex systems beyond simple ones.
  • J. W. Gibbs's foundational 1876/1878 work is a cornerstone of thermodynamics.
  • Previous treatments, like Callen's 1960 textbook, omitted curved interfaces and complex nonideal systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively present Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics, including interface effects and nonideal, multicomponent phases.
  • To detail relationships between key equilibrium equations and relevant equations of state.
  • To introduce new equations for phenomena like curvature-induced eutectic temperature depression.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics.
  • Detailed treatment of systems with interface effects and nonideal, multicomponent phases.
  • Inclusion of established and novel equations of state, including adsorption isotherms and surface tension models.

Main Results:

  • Comprehensive framework for Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics presented.
  • Relationships between key equilibrium equations (e.g., Young-Laplace, Gibbs-Duhem) detailed for nonideal/multicomponent systems.
  • New equations developed for curvature-induced phenomena and surface tension dependence.

Conclusions:

  • The presented framework enhances understanding of complex thermodynamic systems.
  • This work provides essential tools for analyzing systems with interface effects and nonideal behavior.
  • Applications span biotechnology, nanostructured materials, microfluidics, and atmospheric physics.