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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Diagram01:19

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Filtered Dark Matter at a First Order Phase Transition.

Michael J Baker1,2, Joachim Kopp3,4, Andrew J Long5

  • 1School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.

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A novel dark matter production mechanism is proposed. Dark matter particles avoid a first-order phase transition, annihilating instead, with surviving particles forming the observed dark matter.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmology
  • Particle Physics
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • The origin of dark matter remains a significant unsolved problem in cosmology.
  • Understanding dark matter production mechanisms is crucial for particle physics and astrophysics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and analyze a new mechanism for dark matter production.
  • To explore the implications of dark matter mass generation during a first-order phase transition.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of dark matter particle behavior during a first-order phase transition.
  • Analysis of particle reflection and annihilation dynamics within expanding bubbles.
  • Calculation of potential dark matter mass ranges and comparison with existing bounds.

Main Results:

  • Dark matter particles are energetically unfavorable to enter expanding bubbles during a first-order phase transition.
  • Most dark matter particles are reflected and annihilate, with only those entering bubbles surviving.
  • This mechanism can produce dark matter with masses from TeV to PeV scales, exceeding the Griest-Kamionkowski bound.

Conclusions:

  • A new, viable dark matter production mechanism is presented.
  • The proposed mechanism offers a way to generate dark matter in a mass range previously thought inaccessible.
  • This work provides a new avenue for exploring dark matter candidates and their cosmological implications.