Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 3, 2025

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels
Published on: August 7, 2017
Association of Early Nasopharyngeal Immune Markers With COVID-19 Clinical Outcome: Predictive Value of CCL2/MCP-1
Beatriz Sierra1, Ana B Pérez1, Eglis Aguirre1
1Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Virology Department, Center for Research, Diagnostic and Reference, Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine, Havana, Cuba.
Abstract:
Early recognition of severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential for an opportune and effective intervention, reducing life-risking complications. An altered inflammatory immune response seems to be associated with COVID-19's pathogenesis and progression to severity. Here we demonstrate the utility of early nasopharyngeal swab samples for detection of the early expression of immune markers and the potential value of CCL2/MCP-1 in predicting disease outcome.

