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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

1.1K
The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and...
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Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
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High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)01:15

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)

2.1K
The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. For...
2.1K
Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis01:21

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

1.3K
Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
GC–MS is a powerful hyphenated method commonly used in forensics and environmental...
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Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers02:30

Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers

20.7K
A racemic mixture, or racemate, is an equimolar mixture of enantiomers of a molecule that can be separated using their unique interaction with chiral molecules or media. Racemic mixtures are denoted by the (±)- prefix. This ‘optical rotation descriptor’ applies to the whole solution of a racemic mixture rather than a specific stereoisomer. Enantiomers typically have the same physical and chemical properties. Hence, they are not easily separable. However, enantiomers can exhibit...
20.7K
NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds01:14

NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds

5.8K
Aromatic compounds can be identified or analyzed using proton NMR and carbon‐13 NMR. Typically, aromatic hydrogens or hydrogens directly bonded to the aromatic rings are strongly deshielded by the aromatic ring current. Therefore, they absorb in the range of 6.5–8.0 ppm in proton NMR spectra. For instance, aromatic hydrogens directly bonded to the benzene ring absorb at 7.3 ppm. However, aromatic hydrogens of larger rings absorb farther upfield or downfield than the ideal range.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach
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Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach

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Resolving complex phenotypes with Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics.

Ryan S Senger1, David Scherr1

  • 1Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.

Current Opinion in Biotechnology
|November 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Raman spectroscopy offers a rapid, label-free method for biological sample phenotyping. This technique is valuable for biotechnology, food safety, and clinical diagnostics, with potential as an -omics analysis tool.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy and Chemometrics
  • Biological and Medical Sciences

Background:

  • Raman spectroscopy provides label-free, water-insensitive characterization of biological samples.
  • This technique is applicable in diverse fields including biotechnology, food safety, and clinical diagnostics.
  • Current research surveys applications in microbial and tissue identification, phenotype changes, and biological fluid characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in Raman-based phenotyping of biological samples.
  • To highlight the spectral processing and chemometric approaches used in Raman phenotyping.
  • To propose standardization strategies for Raman phenotyping as an -omics method.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Raman spectroscopy for biological sample analysis.
  • Applied chemometric methods for spectral data processing and interpretation.
  • Surveyed recent literature on Raman-based phenotyping applications and methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Raman spectroscopy is effective for identifying microbial species, tissues, and biological fluids.
  • The technique can detect phenotype changes in isogenic cells and tissues.
  • Various spectral processing and chemometric analyses enhance Raman data interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • Raman-based phenotyping is a versatile and cost-effective analytical approach.
  • Standardization efforts, including data repositories and libraries, are crucial for its adoption as an -omics method.
  • Further development can solidify Raman spectroscopy's role in biological and clinical analysis.