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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Updated: Dec 1, 2025

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Thyroid Nodule Molecular Testing: Is It Ready for Prime Time?

Tahsin M Khan1, Martha A Zeiger1

  • 1Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|November 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Molecular testing for indeterminate thyroid nodules offers improved diagnostic certainty but lacks robust data on clinical impact and cost-effectiveness. This review highlights limitations to guide more thoughtful use in patient management.

Keywords:
diagnostic testingindeterminate/suspicious thyroid nodulemanagement algorithmmolecular testingthyroid cancerthyroid surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules present diagnostic and clinical challenges.
  • Molecular testing is proposed to aid in guiding treatment decisions for these nodules.
  • Existing data primarily focuses on diagnostic certainty, with limited evidence on clinical utility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the limitations of molecular testing in managing indeterminate thyroid nodules.
  • To critically evaluate diagnostic accuracy, clinical impact, and cost-effectiveness.
  • To advocate for a more judicious application of molecular tests in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and critical analysis of existing studies on molecular testing for thyroid nodules.
  • Evaluation of data concerning diagnostic accuracy, surgical decision-making, patient outcomes, and economic factors.
  • Synthesis of findings to identify key limitations and areas for improvement.

Main Results:

  • While molecular tests enhance diagnostic certainty, their impact on surgical decisions and patient outcomes remains insufficiently demonstrated.
  • Cost-effectiveness data is often limited or shows unfavorable results, questioning routine implementation.
  • Variability in test performance and interpretation can affect reliability.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular testing for indeterminate thyroid nodules requires careful consideration due to limitations in clinical impact and cost-effectiveness data.
  • Further research is needed to establish clear guidelines for routine use and demonstrate tangible benefits.
  • Thoughtful utilization, informed by current limitations, is essential for optimal patient management.