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Abdominal Regions and Quadrants01:19

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

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To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians typically use imaginary lines to categorize the abdominopelvic cavity into either four quadrants or nine regions to identify organs in the cavity.
The simpler quadrants approach, which is more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersects at the patient's umbilicus (navel). The four...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 30, 2025

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Case 284: Posterior Quadrantic Dysplasia.

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Summary

This case study highlights a woman with medically refractory epilepsy experiencing persistent seizures despite treatment. The findings emphasize the challenges in managing complex partial seizures and associated migraines.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • A 36-year-old female with a history of developmental delay and medically refractory epilepsy since birth presented with continuous simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures with postictal migraines.
  • The patient had prior seizure freedom until 2010, when evaluated for intractable headaches, revealing focal subclinical status via electroencephalography.

Observation:

  • Ambulatory electroencephalography in 2010 showed asymmetric left parietal-occipital high-amplitude spike-and-wave discharges.
  • The patient experienced complex partial seizures every 2-3 months despite multiple antiepileptic drug regimens.

Findings:

  • Recent presentation involved increased seizure activity despite adherence to antiepileptic medication.
  • Unenhanced head CT and MRI were performed; comparison was made with a gadolinium-enhanced MRI from 9 years prior due to unavailability of contrast-enhanced imaging.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the diagnostic and management challenges in patients with long-standing, refractory epilepsy.
  • Further investigation into underlying etiologies and advanced imaging techniques may be warranted for optimizing treatment strategies.