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Related Concept Videos

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide
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Applying a Model of Teamwork Processes to Emergency Medical Services.

William G Fernandez1, Justin K Benzer2, Martin P Charns3

  • 1UT Health-San Antonio, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio, Texas.

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|November 18, 2020
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Summary

This study developed a new framework for teamwork in emergency medical services (EMS), identifying key processes like planning, action, reflection, and interpersonal skills to improve patient safety and team performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
  • Teamwork and Patient Safety
  • Qualitative Research Methods

Background:

  • Effective teamwork is crucial for optimizing patient safety.
  • Research on team effectiveness in EMS is emerging.
  • A theory-driven qualitative study was conducted to model EMS teamwork processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a model of teamwork processes for frontline EMS personnel.
  • To provide a framework for EMS education and research.
  • To identify critical inputs, processes, and outcomes of team effectiveness in EMS.

Main Methods:

  • Purposive sampling of EMS personnel in Houston, TX.
  • Semi-structured interviews to gather data on teamwork functions, enablers, and obstacles.
  • Thematic analysis of transcribed interviews to identify and refine themes.

Main Results:

  • 32 participants completed interviews, with 94% male and a median of 15 years of experience.
  • Teamwork processes were clustered into four domains: planning, action, reflection, and interpersonal processes.
  • Six emergent concepts were identified: leadership, crew familiarity, team cohesion, interpersonal trust, shared mental models, and procedural knowledge.

Conclusions:

  • A new framework for EMS teamwork processes was outlined.
  • This framework describes how EMS operators convert inputs into team performance outputs.
  • The revised framework can be used to empirically evaluate critical teamwork processes in EMS education and research.