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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Covalent Organic Framework Composites: Synthesis and Analytical Applications.

Jenni J Jarju1, Ana M Lavender1, Begoña Espiña1

  • 1International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Covalent organic framework (COF) composites are gaining traction for analytical uses. This review covers synthesis methods for COF composites with magnetic nanoparticles, graphene, and metals, highlighting their use in separation, remediation, and sensing.

Keywords:
analytical applicationscompositecovalent organic frameworkssensingseparation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous polymers with growing applications.
  • Composite materials incorporating COFs are increasingly investigated for analytical purposes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review synthesis techniques for crystalline COF composites.
  • To highlight the applications of these COF composites in chromatography, environmental remediation, and sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing common synthesis methods for COF composites.
  • Presenting examples of COF composites with magnetic nanoparticles, oxide materials, graphene, graphene oxide, metal nanoparticles, stainless steel, polymers, and metal-organic frameworks.

Main Results:

  • Various synthesis routes enable the creation of crystalline and porous COF composites.
  • COF composites demonstrate utility in chromatographic separations.
  • COF composites show promise for environmental remediation and sensing applications.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesis of diverse COF composites is achievable through established methods.
  • COF composites offer versatile solutions for analytical challenges in separation, remediation, and sensing.