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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Published on: May 14, 2019

Reciprocity in Conversation.

Andrew J Guydish¹, J Trevor D'Arcey¹, Jean E Fox Tree¹

¹University of California, Santa Cruz, USA.

Language and Speech

|November 23, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Conversations can be unbalanced by tasks. This study found that when off-task, followers spoke more to restore conversational balance, demonstrating reciprocity in conversation.

Keywords:

Conversation Discourse Psycholinguistics

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Linguistics
Communication Studies

Background:

Conversational turn-taking is a fundamental aspect of human interaction.
Previous research indicates that task demands can influence contribution patterns in dialogues.
The concept of reciprocity in conversation suggests a drive towards balanced participation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether conversational imbalances created by task demands are actively redressed.
To explore the dynamics of turn-taking and contribution in task-oriented dialogues.
To provide initial evidence for reciprocity in conversation.

Main Methods:

Pairs of participants engaged in a public art identification task via phone.
One participant acted as director (map-based instructions), the other as follower (locating art).
Transcribed conversations were coded by trained raters into on-task and off-task segments.

Main Results:

Directors spoke more during on-task portions of the conversation, consistent with prior studies.
During off-task communication, followers spoke more than directors.
Followers also used a greater number of words per turn than directors in off-task segments.

Conclusions:

The observed increase in follower contributions during off-task communication suggests an attempt to rebalance the dialogue.
This pattern supports the hypothesis of reciprocity in conversation, where participants work towards equitable turn-taking.
The findings highlight the adaptive nature of conversational dynamics in response to task-induced imbalances.