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Layer and rhythm specificity for predictive routing.

André M Bastos1,2, Mikael Lundqvist3,2,4, Ayan S Waite3,2

  • 1The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; andre.bastos@vanderbilt.edu nk@bu.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Predictive coding uses alpha/beta brain rhythms to prepare for expected stimuli, inhibiting gamma rhythms. Unpredicted stimuli trigger gamma activity and spiking, feeding forward through the cortical hierarchy.

Keywords:
beta oscillationscortical layersgamma oscillationsneural synchronizationpredictive coding

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Predictive coding theories propose that the brain generates predictions to process sensory information.
  • Distinct cortical layers and neural oscillations are hypothesized to implement predictive coding mechanisms.
  • Understanding how prediction errors are signaled and processed is crucial for explaining perception and learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the roles of different cortical layers and brain rhythms in implementing predictive coding.
  • To examine how stimulus predictability modulates neural activity and connectivity across multiple cortical areas.
  • To test the hypothesis that specific frequency bands and laminar pathways are involved in processing predicted versus unpredicted stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded simultaneous spike trains and local field potentials (LFPs) using laminar electrodes in five monkey cortical areas: V4, LIP, 7A, FEF, and PFC.
  • Monkeys performed a task where visual stimulus predictability was systematically varied.
  • Analyzed power spectra and functional connectivity in different frequency bands (alpha, beta, gamma) and their relationship with spiking activity across cortical layers.

Main Results:

  • Enhanced alpha/beta power was observed during stimulus processing in predictable blocks across all recorded areas.
  • Prestimulus beta-band functional connectivity was found in deep PFC layers projecting to other areas.
  • Unpredictable stimuli increased spiking and gamma-band power/connectivity, particularly in superficial cortical layers, driving feedforward processing.
  • Alpha/beta power in LIP, FEF, and PFC inhibited spiking in deep V4 layers, while area 7A showed unique high-beta increases for unpredictable stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support a 'predictive routing' model where lower-frequency alpha/beta rhythms prepare predictive pathways by inhibiting feedforward gamma activity.
  • This mechanism allows the brain to efficiently process expected information while readily signaling prediction errors via gamma-band activity.
  • Neural oscillations and laminar-specific processing play critical roles in implementing predictive coding across the cortical hierarchy.