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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Updated: Nov 28, 2025

A Multi-Parametric Islet Perifusion System within a Microfluidic Perifusion Device
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Developing Insulin Delivery Devices with Glucose Responsiveness.

Zejun Wang1, Jinqiang Wang2, Anna R Kahkoska3

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
|November 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New insulin delivery systems aim to improve blood glucose control for diabetes patients. Glucose-responsive devices offer precise dosing and easier administration, enhancing adherence and reducing hypoglycemia risks.

Keywords:
diabetes treatmentdrug deliveryglucose-responsiveinsulin administration device

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Endocrinology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes necessitate daily insulin therapy for glycemic control.
  • Optimal insulin delivery requires precise, real-time glucose-responsive dosing and convenient administration for adherence.
  • Hypoglycemia and associated complications remain significant challenges in diabetes management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current insulin delivery devices for diabetes management.
  • To overview recent advancements in glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems.
  • To discuss future opportunities and challenges for translating these technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing insulin delivery devices.
  • Analysis of recent research on glucose-responsive insulin delivery mechanisms.
  • Discussion of clinical translation and implementation barriers.

Main Results:

  • Various insulin delivery devices are currently available, with ongoing innovation.
  • Emerging glucose-responsive systems show promise for automated insulin delivery.
  • Key challenges include system integration, regulatory approval, and patient acceptance.

Conclusions:

  • Glucose-responsive insulin delivery holds significant potential for improving diabetes care.
  • Further research and development are needed to overcome barriers to widespread adoption.
  • These advanced systems could enhance patient quality of life and reduce long-term diabetes complications.