Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 27, 2025
Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation
Published on: May 2, 2020
Rheological behavior of commercial artificial tear solutions
Steve Arshinoff1, Ilan Hofmann, Hemi Nae
1From the York Finch Eye Associates, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Arshinoff); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Arshinoff); I-MED Pharma Inc., Dollard-des-Ormeaux, Québec, Canada (Hofmann); Hydan Technologies, Inc., Princeton Junction, New Jersey (Nae).
Purpose:
To measure the rheological behavior of artificial tears to gain insight into the potential role of rheology in predicting the efficacy of artificial tear solutions for the treatment of dry-eye disease (DED).
Setting:
Research laboratories of I-MED Pharma, Canada, Rohn and Associates, Inc., New Jersey, and Hydan Technologies, New Jersey.
Design:
Laboratory investigation.
Methods:
Twenty commercially available artificial tear drops were purchased in Canada and the United Kingdom. Rheological measurements of viscosity and normal stress as a function of shear rate were performed at 25°C.
Results:
For comparison of the rheological behavior, the various artificial tears were sorted into 3 groups: group A, which exhibit significant non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior; group B, which exhibit moderate non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior; and group C, which exhibit Newtonian behavior throughout the shear rate range. Results of normal stress difference, N1, as a function of shear rate were concordant with the rheological testing, indicated the viscoelastic nature of the samples in groups A and B, whereas members of group C did not exhibit any elasticity.
Conclusions:
The various artificial tear solutions were sorted into groups based on their Newtonian or non-Newtonian behaviors. The results suggest that non-Newtonian solutions should provide better comfort and longer-lasting symptomatic relief for DED. It remains to be confirmed clinically if there is a direct correlation between the rheological behavior of artificial tears and their ability to provide prolonged relief in DED, or if other factors are more important.
