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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the...
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Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
The somatosensory system is divided into three main pathways: the dorsal (or posterior) column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic (or anterolateral), and spinocerebellar pathways.
The dorsal...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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What is a Sensory System?01:31

What is a Sensory System?

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Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Neural Circuit Recording from an Intact Cockroach Nervous System
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Neural Circuits of Interoception.

Gary G Berntson1, Sahib S Khalsa2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.

Trends in Neurosciences
|December 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent research reveals how ascending neural pathways and rostral systems, including the cortex, recognize body states. Descending systems regulate these states, impacting behavior, cognition, and emotion.

Keywords:
autonomicefferenthomeostasisinteroceptive awarenessvisceral afferent

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Recording Network Activity in Spinal Nociceptive Circuits Using Microelectrode Arrays
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Interoception, the sense of the internal body's physiological state, is crucial for homeostasis.
  • Understanding the neural pathways of interoception is fundamental to explaining its broad functional roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the neural pathways and circuits of interoception.
  • To highlight the roles of rostral and descending systems in interoception.
  • To identify knowledge gaps for future research in interoception.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent progress in interoception research.
  • Analysis of afferent/ascending and efferent/descending neural pathways.
  • Synthesis of findings on the involvement of rostral and cortical systems.

Main Results:

  • Rostral neural systems, including cortical areas, are key in recognizing internal body states.
  • Efferent/descending systems reciprocally regulate these internal states.
  • Interoceptive circuits influence homeostatic, behavioral, cognitive, and affective processes.

Conclusions:

  • Interoception involves complex reciprocal interactions between ascending and descending neural systems.
  • These networks extend beyond basic homeostasis to regulate higher-level functions.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms and implications of interoception.