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Non-symbolic numerosity encoding escapes spatial frequency equalization.

Andrea Adriano1, Luisa Girelli2,3, Luca Rinaldi4

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Visual segmentation, not just low-level features, is crucial for the approximate number system. Connecting dots with illusory contours (ICs) led to numerosity underestimation, even when image properties were constant.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • The approximate number system (ANS) allows for rapid estimation of quantities.
  • Debate exists whether ANS relies on segmented objects or low-level image features.
  • Illusory contours (ICs) can alter perceived object segmentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of visual segmentation in the ANS.
  • To differentiate between object-based and feature-based numerosity processing.
  • To test if low-level image features alone explain numerical perception.

Main Methods:

  • Generated stimuli with controlled spatial frequency, luminance, and moderate numerosity (9-15 dots).
  • Manipulated perceived segmentation using illusory contours (ICs) connecting dots.
  • Conducted numerical discrimination and estimation tasks with varying ICs.

Main Results:

  • Performance exhibited standard numerical signatures (distance effect, scalar variability).
  • Numerosity was systematically underestimated as ICs increased.
  • This occurred despite constant spatial frequencies and luminance, rendering them uninformative.

Conclusions:

  • Low-level image features (power spectrum) alone do not explain numerical processing in the ANS.
  • Visual segmentation mechanisms are critical for numerosity perception, at least for moderate quantities.
  • Illusory contours impact numerosity estimation by influencing perceived object boundaries.