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In the application of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, two specific scenarios can arise that complicate stability analysis.
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Consider an electrical power grid, where stability is essential to prevent blackouts. The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is a valuable tool for assessing system stability under varying load conditions or faults. By analyzing the closed-loop transfer function, the Routh-Hurwitz criterion helps determine whether the system remains stable.
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Evaluating totipotency using criteria of increasing stringency.

Eszter Posfai1,2, John Paul Schell3,4, Adrian Janiszewski5

  • 1Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. eposfai@princeton.edu.

Nature Cell Biology
|January 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Defining totipotency, a cell's potential to form all conceptus types, requires clear criteria. This study establishes new standards, challenging the idea that expanded pluripotent stem cells possess greater totipotent potential than conventional embryonic stem cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Cellular reprogramming

Background:

  • Totipotency is crucial for early development, enabling a single cell to generate all embryonic and extraembryonic lineages.
  • Current in vitro methods for assessing and achieving totipotency are not fully understood or standardized.
  • Existing assays for totipotency vary in stringency, leading to potential misinterpretations of cellular potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish clear, stringent criteria for defining and evaluating cellular totipotency in vitro.
  • To investigate and compare the totipotent potential of different mouse cell types, including early blastomeres and various pluripotent stem cell states.
  • To challenge prevailing notions regarding the totipotent capacity of expanded or extended pluripotent stem cell states.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a tiered system of assays with increasing stringency to assess totipotency.
  • Evaluation of candidate totipotent cell populations, including early mouse blastomeres, expanded pluripotent stem cells (ePSCs), and extended pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs).
  • In vitro and in vivo assessments to determine the developmental potential of these cell types.

Main Results:

  • The study proposes a framework with defined criteria for judging totipotency based on assay stringency.
  • Early mouse blastomeres served as a benchmark for totipotent potential.
  • Expanded and extended pluripotent stem cells did not demonstrate superior totipotent potential compared to conventional embryonic stem cells under the tested conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed criteria provide a more rigorous definition for evaluating totipotency in vitro.
  • The findings suggest that conventional embryonic stem cells may possess comparable or even greater totipotent potential than certain advanced pluripotent stem cell states.
  • This research refines our understanding of totipotency and its assessment in stem cell models, impacting future developmental biology and regenerative medicine research.