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Related Concept Videos

Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
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Mass Concreting01:22

Mass Concreting

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Mass concreting refers to the process of placing large volumes of concrete, such as in gravity dams. The heat generated during the cement hydration process and differential cooling rates within the concrete mass can lead to a temperature gradient, which can result in thermal cracks in the concrete mass.
To reduce the risk of such cracking, the concrete mix may incorporate low-heat cement and pozzolans to reduce the temperature rise. Pre-cooled angular aggregates and water-reducing admixtures...
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Types of Cement I01:21

Types of Cement I

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Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...
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Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Hot Weather Concreting01:20

Hot Weather Concreting

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Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
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Cold Weather Concreting01:27

Cold Weather Concreting

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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties
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Dramatically Improved Thermoelectric Properties by Defect Engineering in Cement-Based Composites.

Jian Wei1, Yuan Wang1, Xueting Li1

  • 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers improved cement-based composites for thermoelectric applications by engineering zinc oxide (ZnO) defects. This defect engineering boosts electrical conductivity, enhancing the conversion of low-grade heat from pavements into usable electrical energy.

Keywords:
cement-based compositesexpanded graphiteoxygen vacancyreducing atmospherethermoelectric property

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Harvesting
  • Sustainable Technology

Background:

  • Pavements reach high temperatures (60-70 °C) due to solar radiation, creating unused low-grade heat.
  • Thermoelectric cement-based composites offer a green technology for converting this heat into electrical energy, supporting renewable energy goals.
  • Current thermoelectric cement composites have low power factors, limiting large-scale, cost-effective heat harvesting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the thermoelectric properties of cement-based composites.
  • To improve the electrical conductivity of zinc oxide (ZnO) through defect engineering.
  • To achieve a high power factor for efficient low-grade heat utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Defect engineering of ZnO powder by treatment in a reducing atmosphere to increase oxygen defects.
  • Incorporating pretreated ZnO (5.0 and 10.0 wt%) and expanded graphite into a cement matrix.
  • Fabricating ZnO/expanded graphite cement-based composites using a dry pressing process.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a record high power factor of 224 μWm⁻¹K⁻² at 70 °C.
  • Demonstrated high electrical conductivity (12.78 S·cm⁻¹).
  • Obtained a high Seebeck coefficient (-419 μV/°C) and figure of merit (8.7 × 10⁻³).

Conclusions:

  • Defect engineering of ZnO significantly improves thermoelectric performance in cement-based composites.
  • The developed composites show potential for large-scale applications, such as roads, to generate electricity.
  • This research provides a pathway for advancing thermoelectric materials for sustainable energy solutions.