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Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

627
Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
627
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

915
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
915
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

1.5K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
1.5K
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

21.4K
Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
21.4K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

1.5K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
1.5K
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

1.4K
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
1.4K

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Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Intrinsically Disordered Protein Dynamics Through NMR Relaxation Experiments
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Many-Body Signatures of Collective Decay in Atomic Chains.

Stuart J Masson1, Igor Ferrier-Barbut2, Luis A Orozco3

  • 1Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Superradiance, where atoms emit light in a synchronized burst, persists in mesoscopic chains at short distances. However, increasing atomic separation causes dephasing, suppressing this collective light emission effect.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum optics
  • Atomic physics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Dicke's superradiance describes synchronized light emission from excited atoms at the same location.
  • Understanding collective atomic decay in realistic systems with spatial separation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the impact of interatomic separation on superradiance in mesoscopic atomic chains.
  • Characterize the conditions under which superradiance is suppressed or maintained.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling using collective jump operators.
  • Analysis of Hamiltonian dipole-dipole interactions.
  • Calculation of the two-photon correlation function.

Main Results:

  • Superradiant burst is preserved at small interatomic separations.
  • Dipole-dipole interactions do not suppress superradiance at short distances.
  • Larger separations lead to dephasing and suppression of superradiance due to competing jump operators.
  • Photon emission rate exhibits non-exponential decay for lattice constants near a wavelength.
  • Two-photon correlations reveal directional and correlated emission sensitive to interatomic distance.

Conclusions:

  • Collective atomic decay effects remain significant even with finite interatomic separation.
  • Superradiance is robust to small changes in interatomic distance and experimental imperfections.
  • The findings offer insights into controlling and observing collective quantum phenomena in scalable atomic systems.