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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
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Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
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Higher-Order Weyl Semimetals.

Sayed Ali Akbar Ghorashi1, Tianhe Li2, Taylor L Hughes2

  • 1Department of Physics, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce higher-order Weyl semimetals (HOWSMs) with novel 2nd-order Weyl nodes. These materials exhibit unique topological properties and distinct behaviors when gapped, with implications for metamaterials and topological phases.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Topological Materials
  • Quantum Materials

Background:

  • Weyl semimetals (WSMs) are topological materials with unique electronic properties.
  • Higher-order topological insulators and semimetals extend topological phenomena to lower-dimensional boundaries.
  • Understanding novel topological phases is crucial for advancing quantum technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate higher-order Weyl semimetals (HOWSMs) featuring bulk Weyl nodes connected to surface and hinge Fermi arcs.
  • To identify and characterize a new class of 2nd-order Weyl nodes.
  • To explore the physical implications and potential applications of these novel topological phases.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling using stacked higher-order quadrupole insulators (QIs).
  • Analysis of topological invariants, including Chern numbers.
  • Investigation of phase transitions and material properties under various conditions (e.g., gapping, charge-density wave order).

Main Results:

  • Identification of 2nd-order Weyl nodes as momentum-space transitions where topological invariants change.
  • Demonstration of three types of WSM phases (1st, 2nd, and hybrid order) in a model system.
  • Discovery of distinct behaviors of gapped 2nd-order Weyl nodes, leading to hybrid topological insulators and insulating phases with coexisting surface/hinge states.
  • Proposal of experimental identification methods using charge density measurements and magnetic flux.
  • Demonstration of periodic driving as a route to generate HOWSMs.

Conclusions:

  • HOWSMs with 2nd-order Weyl nodes represent a new frontier in topological matter.
  • The distinct gapping behavior of 2nd-order nodes offers pathways to novel topological phases.
  • These findings have relevance for metamaterials and specific material systems like Cd₃As₂, KMgBi, and PtO₂.