Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

1.9K
Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
1.9K
Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

2.5K
Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process...
2.5K
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

845
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
845
Metacognition01:26

Metacognition

429
Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
429
Cognitive Therapy01:25

Cognitive Therapy

631
Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...
631
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

7.2K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
7.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Benefits and challenges of the integration of haptics-enhanced virtual reality training within dental curricula.

Journal of dental education·2024
Same author

The cognitive apprenticeship model as a framework for desired precepting qualities to inform preceptor development.

Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning·2024
Same author

Exploring user experience (UX) research methods in health professions education.

Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning·2023
Same author

Lessons learned from a non-traditional application process: Integrating user experiences to inform admission application design.

Journal of dental education·2023
Same author

Using latent variable models to make gaming-the-system detection robust to context variations.

User modeling and user-adapted interaction·2023
Same author

Design, Implementation, and Outcomes of an Interprofessional Mobile Web Application for Preceptors for Challenging Issues.

American journal of pharmaceutical education·2023
Same journal

Developing professional etiquette and networking skills in pharmacy students: Evaluation of an etiquette dinner program.

Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning·2026
Same journal

Comparison of learning gain across face-to-face, mixed, and live online participation in a HyFlex National Pharmacist Examination Preparation Course: A controlled four-month comparative study.

Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning·2026
Same journal

The role of vaccinating pharmacists in public health advancement in Nigeria.

Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning·2026
Same journal

Empowering pharmacy education with core concepts: The big ideas that Australian pharmacy graduates must know for pharmacotherapy.

Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning·2026
Same journal

Comparing simulation modalities for health equity communication training in pharmacy education: A mixed-methods comparison of live-actor video, text-based, and AI-generated scenarios.

Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning·2026
Same journal

Exploring pharmacy students' perceptions on curriculum enhancements in a foundation of pharmacology course: A qualitative study.

Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

11.0K

Using cognitive interviews and think-aloud protocols to understand thought processes.

Michael D Wolcott1, Nikki G Lobczowski2

  • 1UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 321 Beard Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.

Currents in Pharmacy Teaching & Learning
|January 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive interviews (CIs) and think-aloud protocols (TAPs) enhance understanding of participant thought processes. These methods aid researchers in refining instruments and interventions by making cognitive processes explicit.

Keywords:
Cognitive interviewQualitative methodsResearch methodsThink-aloud protocols

More Related Videos

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime
07:36

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime

Published on: May 3, 2016

8.8K
Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
06:45

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

6.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

11.0K
An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime
07:36

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime

Published on: May 3, 2016

8.8K
Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
06:45

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

6.4K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive science and educational research methodologies.

Background:

  • Cognitive interviews (CIs) and think-aloud protocols (TAPs) are qualitative methods to elicit participant thought processes.
  • Understanding participant cognition is crucial for developing effective instruments and interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the origins, applications, and implementation strategies of CIs and TAPs.
  • To highlight the utility of CIs and TAPs in pharmacy education research.

Main Methods:

  • CIs involve targeted questions to assess comprehension during tasks.
  • TAPs require participants to verbalize their thoughts while performing a task.

Main Results:

  • Both CIs and TAPs make cognitive processes explicit, aiding in understanding problem-solving and comprehension.
  • Verbal reports from CIs and TAPs can be analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods.

Conclusions:

  • Choosing between CIs and TAPs depends on the research aim and requires careful participant selection and preparation.
  • CIs and TAPs are valuable tools for pharmacy education researchers to improve survey construction, study test response processes, and map cognitive models.