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Divergent patterns between phenotypic and genetic variation in Scots pine.

David Hall1, Jenny Olsson1, Wei Zhao1,2

  • 1Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

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|January 29, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scots pine seedlings show strong local adaptation to climate, with frost tolerance varying significantly across populations. Despite this adaptation, genetic differentiation is low, suggesting extensive gene flow shapes their evolution.

Keywords:
Pinus sylvestrisclinal variationcold hardinessgenetic diversitypopulation structure

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Forest Genetics

Background:

  • Autumn frost tolerance in boreal forest seedlings is crucial for survival and regeneration.
  • Understanding local adaptation drivers in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is key to predicting forest resilience.
  • Previous studies suggest climate influences tree adaptation, but genetic mechanisms require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent and genetic basis of local adaptation in autumn frost tolerance in Scots pine populations.
  • To identify the relationship between climate variables and genetic variation in frost hardiness.
  • To assess the role of gene flow and selection in shaping adaptive traits across the species' range.

Main Methods:

  • Common garden experiments involving freezing tests on over 5000 Scots pine seedlings from 54 populations across Scandinavia and western Russia.
  • Genotyping of over 900 seedlings from 24 populations using >10,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
  • Analysis of population variation in cold hardiness (Q10), genetic differentiation (FST), genotype-environment associations, and genotype-phenotype associations.

Main Results:

  • Over 80% of variation in cold hardiness was observed among populations, with a clear cline along latitude and longitude, indicating significant climate adaptation.
  • Genetic differentiation among populations was low (mean FST = 0.37%), despite strong phenotypic adaptation.
  • Climate variables explained only 2.9% of genetic differentiation, while marker-estimated heritability for frost hardiness was high (0.56), but no major loci were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Scots pine exhibits strong local adaptation in frost hardiness, driven by climate, despite evidence of extensive gene flow.
  • The study highlights a disconnect between high phenotypic adaptation and low overall genetic differentiation, suggesting complex evolutionary dynamics.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the roles of selection, demography, and rare alleles in marginal populations for understanding adaptation.