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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames
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Threshold Heat-Flux Reduction by Near-Resonant Energy Transfer.

P W Terry1, P-Y Li1, M J Pueschel2,3,4

  • 1University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 29, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Near-resonant energy transfer to stable modes reduces plasma transport above critical gradients. This phenomenon, driven by zonal flows, delays turbulent transport onset to higher gradients, enhancing plasma confinement.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Fusion energy research
  • Turbulence theory

Background:

  • Plasma transport is a critical factor in fusion energy devices.
  • Ion temperature gradient (ITG) turbulence is a primary driver of anomalous transport.
  • Zonal flows are thought to play a role in regulating turbulence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of near-resonant energy transfer to stable modes in modulating plasma transport.
  • To demonstrate how this energy transfer affects the onset of transport at critical gradients.
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms within a fluid theory of ITG turbulence.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a threshold fluid theory for ion temperature gradient turbulence.
  • Investigated zonal-flow-catalyzed energy transfer pathways.
  • Analyzed the conditions for resonance in triplet correlation times based on interacting wave numbers.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that near-resonant energy transfer to large-scale stable modes reduces heat flux above the linear critical gradient.
  • Showed that this transfer contributes to the onset of transport occurring at higher gradients than predicted by linear theory.
  • Identified resonance in the triplet correlation time, enforced by specific wave number interactions, as the suppression mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Near-resonant energy transfer to stable modes is a key mechanism for reducing plasma transport.
  • This process effectively delays the onset of turbulence-driven transport to higher gradients.
  • The findings have implications for understanding and controlling plasma behavior in fusion devices.