Cell-cycle dependence of X-ray oxygen effect: role of endogenous glutathione

The oxygen effect was measured in human T-1 cell populations synchronized by mitotic selection and x-irradiated in vitro after they were allowed to progress to six different ages during the division cycle. Survival curves and dose-ratio calculations with 95% confidence intervals were obtained from computer fits of the data to the linear-quadratic model. The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) values at the 1% survival increased level were 2.6 +/- 0.08 in G1/early S phase and increased to 3.0 +/- 0.15 in late S/G2 phase. The OER values at 10% survival increased linearly from 2.6 +/- 0.2 for G1-phase cells to 3.2 +/- 0.2 for late S/G2-phase cells. The increased OER in S-phase cells was the result of a greater hypoxic radioresistance compared with that measured with G1-phase cells. In parallel experiments with synchronized cell populations, glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide levels were measured by the Tietze assay and also were found to increase over the same period. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the radiation response involve a number of factors, one of which in this cell line may be GSH levels, especially under conditions of hypoxic exposure. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that G1- to late S-phase, age-dependent fluctuations in GSH content may be correlated with changes in OER during the human T-1 cell cycle. Changes in GSH content relative to its constitutive levels in the cell and alternative reductive factors (i.e., protein thiols), as well as their cellular location, may be important factors in the comparison of these findings to other cell lines.