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    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Integrated Photonics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is crucial for frequency conversion in optics.
    • Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) offers a method for SHG, but efficient implementation remains a challenge.
    • Microcavity waveguides provide enhanced light-matter interaction for nonlinear processes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate efficient SHG from HRS in a hybrid strong coupling microcavity waveguide (HSCMW).
    • To explore the use of continuous-wave (cw) incident light for nonlinear frequency conversion.
    • To achieve direct observation and high conversion efficiency of SHG in a waveguide.

    Main Methods:

    • Coupling cw light into a HSCMW with high efficiency using free-space coupling.
    • Utilizing lithium niobite (LN) powder within the waveguide to induce HRS.
    • Enhancing the fundamental wave's electric field intensity via local oscillation within the microcavity.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully demonstrated SHG from HRS in the HSCMW.
    • Observed SHG in the transverse direction with a conversion efficiency of 0.032%/W.
    • Achieved efficient coupling of cw light into the waveguide.

    Conclusions:

    • The study presents a viable method for frequency conversion using cw light in a microcavity waveguide.
    • This work advances SHG via HRS and suggests potential for other nonlinear optical processes in waveguides.
    • The developed HSCMW platform shows promise for integrated nonlinear photonics.