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Harnessing Endogenous Stimuli for Responsive Materials in Theranostics.

Alexander B Cook1, Paolo Decuzzi1

  • 1Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.

ACS Nano
|February 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Responsive materials that react to internal biological cues offer enhanced control for drug delivery and diagnostics. This approach promises improved therapies and personalized theranostic systems for various diseases.

Keywords:
biological stimulienzymesformulationsmaterialsnanomedicinenanoparticlespHresponsive polymers

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Theranostics

Background:

  • Materials responding to endogenous stimuli offer advanced spatiotemporal control in biomedical applications.
  • Designing materials with specific biological cue responses is key for improving therapies and diagnostics.
  • Internal stimuli-responsive systems can be engineered at various scales, responding to signals like pH, enzymes, and glucose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review response mechanisms and fabrication strategies for internal stimuli-responsive materials.
  • To focus on applications in drug delivery and imaging for diverse pathologies.
  • To discuss challenges, future research, and clinical translation of these materials.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing existing literature on internal stimuli-responsive materials.
  • Categorizing materials based on response mechanisms to endogenous cues.
  • Highlighting fabrication strategies for nanoscale to macroscopic systems.

Main Results:

  • Internal stimuli-responsive materials can be designed to react to a wide range of biological signals (enzymes, pH, glucose, ATP, hypoxia, redox, nucleic acids).
  • These materials show promise for targeted drug delivery and advanced imaging across pathologies like cancer, diabetes, and infections.
  • Engineering spans from nanometers to macroscopic scales, utilizing bio-inspired or natural building blocks.

Conclusions:

  • Internal stimuli-responsive materials represent a significant advancement in personalized theranostics and targeted therapies.
  • Further research into challenges and clinical translation is crucial for realizing their full potential.
  • These materials offer a versatile platform for developing next-generation biomedical tools.