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Related Concept Videos

Inducible Operons: lac Operon01:25

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

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The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
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In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
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Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by...
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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue
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Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue

Published on: June 21, 2018

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Lactate: a multifunctional signaling molecule.

Tae-Yoon Lee1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.

Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine
|February 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lactate, once viewed as cellular waste, is now understood as a vital fuel, buffer, and signaling molecule. It plays key roles in metabolism, immune function, and even epigenetic regulation, enhancing exercise performance.

Keywords:
GlycolysisHomeostasisLactateLactylationShuttleWarburg effect

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Lactate was historically considered a metabolic waste product of anaerobic glycolysis.
  • The lactate shuttle concept initiated a re-evaluation of lactate's role in metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted roles of lactate beyond a simple metabolic byproduct.
  • To highlight lactate's functions as a fuel, buffer, signaling molecule, and epigenetic regulator.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on lactate metabolism and signaling.
  • Analysis of studies investigating lactate's effects on cellular and whole-body processes.

Main Results:

  • Lactate serves as an accessible energy source and metabolic buffer between cellular compartments.
  • Lactate functions as a signaling molecule influencing lipolysis, immune responses, and inflammation.
  • Lactate contributes to epigenetic modifications through histone lactylation, impacting gene expression and homeostasis.
  • Lactate is associated with enhanced exercise performance, potentially mediated by the gut microbiome.

Conclusions:

  • Lactate is a crucial coordinator of whole-body metabolism with diverse physiological functions.
  • Lactate's roles extend to signaling and epigenetic regulation, underscoring its importance in maintaining homeostasis and influencing health outcomes.