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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Host-directed therapies for COVID-19.

Markus Maeurer1,2, Renata Ramalho3, Fu-Sheng Wang4

  • 1ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
|February 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Host-directed therapies (HDTs) offer a promising approach to manage severe COVID-19 by targeting hyperinflammation. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells and anti-interleukin-6 therapies show potential benefits in clinical trials.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes hyperinflammation, leading to significant mortality and end-organ damage in COVID-19 patients.
  • Host-directed therapies (HDTs) aim to modulate the host's immune response rather than directly targeting the virus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review adjunct host-directed therapies (HDTs) for the management of COVID-19.
  • To summarize recent findings and the potential of these therapies in reducing mortality and long-term disability.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data for various HDTs.
  • Evaluation of therapies targeting cytokine-driven inflammatory cascades.

Main Results:

  • Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated safety in Phase 1 and 2 trials.
  • Anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibodies showed a promising mortality benefit in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
  • Repurposed drugs and monoclonal antibodies targeting specific cytokines are under active evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • A variety of HDTs show potential for reducing mortality and improving long-term outcomes in severe COVID-19.
  • Further evaluation in randomized, controlled trials is necessary to establish the efficacy of these promising HDTs.