The fundamental ultrasonic edge wave mode: Propagation characteristics and potential for distant damage detection

Engineering structures are often composed of thin elements containing features such as free edges, welds, ribs, and holes, which makes distant safety inspections based on guided waves difficult due to wave scattering. However, these features can themselves generate so-called 'feature-guided' waves, which can potentially be utilised for damage detection. One such example are flexural wedge waves, which have been investigated extensively both theoretically and experimentally in the past. Another example is edge waves. These waves, which are a natural analogue of Rayleigh waves propagating in a finite thickness plate, have received relatively little attention, specifically with respect to their possible use in distant damage inspections and Structural Health Monitoring systems. The current paper is aimed to address this gap, and it is focused on the investigation of the fundamental mode of edge waves (ES₀), which is the most promising for practical applications. The features of the transient ES₀ mode are investigated experimentally and numerically, and compared with previous theoretical studies. It was demonstrated that the ES₀ mode can be effectively excited with the wedge excitation method, and distant damage detection with this wave mode at low frequency-thickness values (FTV < 5) is readily achievable. In particular, in a laboratory environment the ES₀ mode propagated several meters with almost no decay. However, at higher frequency-thickness values, a wave amplitude modulation, significant energy decay and strong coupling between the ES₀ and S₀ wave modes were observed. These phenomena may restrict the defect resolution as well as the range of damage inspections based on the fundamental edge wave mode.