How Can the Desert Beetle and Biowaste Inspire Hybrid Separation Materials for Water Desalination?

Highly effective, hybrid separation materials for water purification were generated following a bioinspired system available in nature. The desert beetle was the inspiration for the generation of separation materials. Using the hydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane as the basis, the membrane was first activated and then furnished with silane-based linkers, and the covalent anchoring of chitosan was successfully accomplished. The obtained surface architecture was a copy of the desert beetle's armor possessing a hydrophobic matrix with hydrophilic domains. The modification was done in the presence or the lack of catalyst (N,N-diisopropylethylamine) that made it possible to tune easily wettability, roughness, and material as well as adhesive features. The membrane morphology and surface chemistry were studied by applying a series of analytical techniques. As a result of chitosan attachment, substantial improvement in transport and separation was reported. Pristine PVDF was characterized by a water flux of 5.28 kg m^-2 h^-1 and an activation energy of 48.16 kJ mol^-1. The water flux and activation energy for a hybrid membrane with chitosan were equal to 15.55 kg m^-2 h^-1 and 33.98 kJ mol^-1, respectively. The hybrid materials possessed enhanced stability and water resistance that were maintained after 10 cycles of membrane distillation tests.