Feasibility of X-ray beam nanofocusing with compound refractive lenses

A more general analytical theory of X-ray beam propagation through compound refractive lenses (CRLs) than the earlier study by Kohn [(2003). JETP, 97, 204-215] is presented. The problem of nanofocusing with CRLs is examined in detail. For a CRL with a relatively large aperture the focusing efficiency is limited by the radiation absorption in the lens material. The aperture does not affect the focusing process and it is replaced by the effective aperture. The X-ray transverse beam size at the focus is then by a factor of γ = β/δ times smaller than the transverse beam size just behind the CRL. Here, δ and β are the real and imaginary parts of the CRL material refractive index n = 1 - δ + iβ. In this instance, to improve focusing efficiency, it is advantageous to decrease the CRL aperture and increase the photon energy E. However, with increasing photon energy, the material absorption decreases, which results in the CRL aperture impact on the transverse beam size. The latter leads to the fact that with a proper CRL length the beam size is independent of both the aperture and photon energy but depends only on the CRL material electron density and is approximately equal to w_c = λ/(8δ)^1/2, where λ denotes the radiation wavelength, as predicted by Bergemann et al. [(2003). Phys. Rev. Lett, 91, 204801].