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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Pathologic Features Associated With Molecular Subtypes of Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

Alice L Tang1, Richard T Kloos2, Benjamin Aunins1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
|March 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

BRAF-like thyroid neoplasms show higher rates of metastasis and spread compared to RAS-like and NBNR types. Understanding these molecular differences is key for targeted thyroid cancer treatment strategies.

Keywords:
BRAF mutationRAS mutationmolecular diagnosticsthyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Pathology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Thyroid neoplasms exhibit diverse molecular profiles.
  • Classifying these tumors into molecular subtypes like BRAF-like, RAS-like, and non-BRAF-like non-RAS-like (NBNR) aids in understanding their behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between specific pathological features and molecular classes of thyroid neoplasms.
  • To determine if molecular classification can predict tumor aggressiveness and metastatic potential.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis was conducted on a merged database of 676 patients with thyroid neoplasms.
  • Molecular classification was performed on 571 neoplasms using publicly available sequenced data, assigning them to BRAF-like, RAS-like, or NBNR groups.

Main Results:

  • The study included 571 neoplasms: 62% BRAF-like, 30% RAS-like, and 8.1% NBNR.
  • BRAF-like neoplasms showed significantly higher rates of lymph node metastasis (49%), gross extra-thyroidal extension (7%), and multifocality (33%) compared to RAS-like and NBNR types.
  • A trend towards increased angioinvasion was noted in RAS-like and NBNR cancers, while distant metastasis rates were similar across groups.

Conclusions:

  • Pathological indicators of aggressive disease, including metastasis, extra-thyroidal extension, and multifocality, are more common in BRAF-like thyroid tumors.
  • Further research is warranted to explore the clinical utility of preoperative molecular mutation knowledge in guiding surgical extent for thyroid tumors.